Age related macular degeneration (AMD) is the primary cause of loss of vision. Over 1.8 million citizens of the United States have advanced AMD and the rate is predicted to double by the year 2030. AMD is a degeneration of the macula, which is part of the eye that is responsible for fine central vision. Patients may also experience trouble seeing in dim environments and difficulty with contrast. Risk factors include age, ethnicity, smoking, hypertension, diet, and genetics. Research has also shown a link between oxidative stress and hypoxia with AMD. There are two types of AMD: dry and wet. 

Dry vs. Wet Macular Degeneration

Dry

• Approximately 90% of AMD cases
• Progressive thinning of the macula
• Tiny drusen appear on the retina
• Deterioration and atrophy of the retina
• Large areas of the retina stop functioning in advanced stages

Wet

• Approximately 10% of AMD cases
• New blood vessels grow behind the retina
• Vessels are weak and leak fluids, lipids, and blood
• Formation of scar tissue
• Retinal cells stop functioning